In Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), chaining is an instructional strategy used to teach multi-step skills by breaking them into smaller, manageable steps.
Three primary chaining methods are commonly used—forward chaining, backward chaining, and total-task chaining. Each offers a different pathway to learning, allowing therapists and parents to match teaching style to a child’s unique needs.
Here’s a closer look at how each method works and where it shines.
1. Forward Chaining
Learning from Start to Finish
With forward chaining, teaching begins with the first step of a task sequence. Once the learner masters that initial step, instruction progresses to the second step, then the third, and so on until the entire chain is complete.
Why it’s useful:
This approach follows a natural, logical order, which can help learners understand the sequence of a task in the way it’s typically performed.
Example in practice:
When teaching a child to wash their hands, you would first teach turning on the faucet. Once that is independent, you teach wetting hands, then applying soap, and so on, adding one step at a time.
2. Backward Chaining
Starting with the Last Step
Backward chaining begins with the final step of a task. The instructor completes all preceding steps, leaving only the last action for the learner to perform. Once that is mastered, the learner does the last two steps, and so on, moving backward toward the start of the chain.
Why it’s useful:
This method provides immediate access to the natural completion of the task (e.g., getting to play with bubbles after washing hands), which can be highly motivating. It also lets the learner experience success and task completion from the very first teaching session.
Example in practice:
For handwashing, you might help the child through all steps except drying hands. Once they independently dry their hands, you then teach rinsing, then lathering with soap, working backward to the first step.
3. Total-Task Chaining
Learning the Whole Sequence at Once
In total-task chaining, the learner attempts every step of the task during each teaching session. Support is provided only on steps that are not yet mastered, while independent steps are performed without help.
Why it’s useful:
This method works well for tasks that are relatively short or for learners who already have some familiarity with parts of the sequence. It encourages fluency and reinforces the entire routine in context.
Example in practice:
When teaching making a sandwich, the learner practices from start to finish—taking out bread, spreading condiments, adding fillings, and closing the sandwich—receiving prompts only where needed each time through.
Choosing the Right Method
Research and clinical practice show that each chaining method can effectively build motor, cognitive, and daily living skills in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The best choice depends on:
-
The learner’s current abilities
-
The complexity of the task
-
What is most motivating for the child
-
The learning environment
A skilled ABA therapist can help determine which approach—or combination of approaches—will support your child’s journey toward greater independence.
How Happy Haven ABA Uses Chaining to Foster Independence
At Happy Haven ABA, our therapists are trained in individualized, evidence-based strategies like chaining to help children master important life skills. We offer:
-
In-home ABA therapy — building routines in a comfortable setting
-
School-based ABA support — promoting classroom and social independence
-
In-camp ABA programs — teaching skills through engaging group activities
-
Parent and caregiver training — so you can support skill growth every day
If you’re in South Carolina and looking for compassionate, personalized ABA services, contact Happy Haven ABA today to learn how we can help your child build confidence and capability, one step at a time.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the main purpose of chaining in ABA?
Chaining breaks down complex tasks into smaller, teachable steps, making it easier for learners to acquire multi-step skills and gain independence in daily activities.
Which chaining method is usually best for my child?
There’s no one-size-fits-all answer. Forward chaining works well for tasks with a clear natural order. Backward chaining can be motivating because it starts with the rewarding final step. Total-task chaining is helpful for shorter tasks or learners who already know some steps. Your BCBA can recommend the best fit based on your child’s needs.
How does chaining support long-term independence?
By systematically teaching each part of a skill, chaining helps learners become fluent in entire routines. Over time, prompts fade, and the child performs the task independently—building confidence and functional life skills.
